POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

PCR is a lab technique used to make millions of copies of a specific DNA segment. PCR targets and copies a specific sequence of DNA or RNA from a sample, even when there are only tiny amounts present. The reaction involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling. Each cycle, which includes denaturation (separating the DNA strands), annealing (primers binding), and extension (DNA synthesis), doubles the number of DNA copies. 
We can use PCR technique to test for infectious diseases or to look for genetic changes in tumors and/or to diagnose genetic diseases such as:

  • Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
  • Papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Coronavirus (CoVid)
  • Respiratory Panel
  • Gastrointestinal Panel
  • FMF
  • Jack 2 
  • HLA B / DQ
  • Micro-deletion 
BREAST CANCER GENES (BRCA 1 & BRCA 2)

BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations contribute to a significant number of familial and hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancers. The proportion of high-risk families with breast and/or ovarian cancer cases due to mutations in these tumor suppressor genes varies widely among populations. In some population, a wide spectrum of different mutations in both genes are present, whereas in other groups specific mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been reported with high frequency.
Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 is recommended for individuals with a personal or family history suggestive of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.

Cancer risks screening includes:
  • Female Breast Cancer
  • Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Peritoneal Cancer
  • Male Cancers: Increased risk of prostate and male breast cancer (especially with BRCA2 mutations).
  • Other Cancers: A slightly higher risk of pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, and melanoma (primarily with BRCA2 mutations).